Aedes de A a Z / Aedes from A to Z

Pretende refletir sobre a biologia e hábito de Aedes aegypti, discutir como ganhou a fama que tem hoje, que processos históricos e sociais geraram as condições para o aparecimento das arboviroses no Brasil. Apresenta iniciativas de prevenção vigilância e controle atualmente em vigor ou em avaliação, percorrendo a dimensão da comunicação sobre o mosquito.

Aedes de A a Z / Aedes A to Z

Reflete sobre a biologia e os hábitos do Aedes aegypti, como ganhou a fama até hoje, que processos históricos e sociais geraram as condições para o aparecimento das arboviroses no Brasil. Apresenta iniciativas de prevenção, vigilância e controle atualmente em vigor ou em avaliação

Matching the genetics of released and local Aedes aegypti populations is critical to assure Wolbachia invasion.

BACKGROUND: Traditional vector control approaches such as source reduction and insecticide spraying have limited effect on reducing Aedes aegypti population. The endosymbiont Wolbachia is pointed as a promising tool to mitigate arbovirus transmission and has been deployed worldwide. Models predict a rapid increase on the frequency of Wolbachia-positive Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in local settings, supported by cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and high maternal transmission rate associated with the wMelBr strain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Wolbachia wMelBr strain was released for 20 consecutive weeks after receiving >87% approval of householders of the isolated community of Tubiacanga, Rio de Janeiro. wMelBr frequency plateued~40% during weeks 7-19, peaked 65% but dropped as releases stopped. A high (97.56%) maternal transmission was observed. Doubling releases and deploying mosquitoes with large wing length and low laboratory mortality produced no detectable effects on invasion trend. By investigating the lab colony maintenance procedures backwardly, pyrethroid resistant genotypes in wMelBr decreased from 68% to 3.5% after 17 generations. Therefore, we initially released susceptible mosquitoes in a local population highly resistant to pyrethroids which, associated with the over use of insecticides by householders, ended jeopardizing Wolbachia invasion. A new strain (wMelRio) was produced after backcrossing wMelBr females with males from field to introduce mostly pyrethroid resistance alleles. The new strain increased mosquito survival but produced relevant negative effects on Ae. aegypti fecundity traits, reducing egg clutche size and egg hatch. Despite the cost on fitness, wMelRio successful established where wMelBr failed, revealing that matching the local population genetics, especially insecticide resistance background, is critical to achieve invasion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Local householders support was constantly high, reaching 90% backing on the second release (wMelRio strain). Notwithstanding the drought summer, the harsh temperature recorded (daily average above 30°C) did not seem to affect the expression of maternal transmission of wMel on a Brazilian background. Wolbachia deployment should match the insecticide resistance profile of the wild population to achieve invasion. Considering pyrethroid-resistance is a widely distributed phenotype in natural Ae. aegypti populations, future Wolbachia deployments must pay special attention in maintaining insecticide resistance in lab colonies for releases.

Cohorting to prevent acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria: An interrupted time series study.

BACKGROUND: Grouping patients who acquired resistant microorganisms within a single area (cohorting) has been used to prevent cross-transmission. We aimed to assess cohorting effectiveness in the absence of an outbreak. METHODS: An interrupted time series study was performed in a general hospital considering patients admitted to wards. In the first year, patients who acquired multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were isolated without physical transfer. In the second year, cohorting was implemented, and patients with mixed MDR bacteria were transferred to individual rooms in a specific isolation unit. Cultures were requested upon clinician orders, and surveillance or routine cultures were not performed. The effect of cohorting on the incidence density of MDR bacteria acquisition was assessed using segmented regression analysis. RESULTS: In the first and second years, 2.0 and 2.8 cases per 1,000 patient-days acquired MDR bacteria. The length of hospitalization and mortality rate were similar between phases. There was a linear increase of the monthly incidence densities of MDR bacteria acquisition in the first year (ß1: 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.02 to 0.24), though without an immediate impact of cohorting (ß2: -1.32; 95% CI: -3.81 to 1.16) or a change in the temporal trend (ß3: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.14 to 0.23) from the first to second phase. CONCLUSION: Cohorting may not reduce the incidence density of MDR bacteria acquisition in the absence of an outbreak.

Recuperação da função renal após complicações no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Renal function recovery after complications in the postoperative period following cardiac surgery

Objetivo: identificar se a recuperação da função renal ocorre após complicações no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Método: estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, longitudinal, realizado com 62 pacientes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. Empregou-se o teste qui-quadrado para análise estatística, com nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultados: a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (54,8%).Alguns fatores contribuíram significativamente à ocorrência de lesão renal aguda (LRA), como uso de noradrenalina (p = 0,002) e uso de ventilação mecânica (p = 0,02). Após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), quase metade dos pacientes (40,5%) recuperou sua função renal. Conclusão: tendo em vista que pacientes que evoluem com LRA no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca apresentam risco de progredir para doença renal crônica (DRC), o percentual de recuperação da função renal sinaliza maior ou menor risco para agravos renais futuros e contribui para adoção de medidas preventivas precoces e redução do risco de morte.

A possible relationship between gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism in rabbits during myocardial ischemia.

Ischemia is responsible for many metabolic abnormalities in the heart, causing changes in organ function. One of modifications occurring in the ischemic cell is changing from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. This change causes the predominance of the use of carbohydrates as an energy substrate instead of lipids. In this case, the glycogen is essential to the maintenance of heart energy intake, being an important reserve to resist the stress caused by hypoxia, using glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation. In order to study the glucose anaerobic pathways utilization and understand the metabolic adaptations, New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to ischemia caused by Inflow occlusion technique. The animals were monitored during surgery by pH and lactate levels. Transcription analysis of the pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzymes were performed by qRT-PCR, and glycogen quantification was determined enzymatically. Pyruvate kinase transcription increased during ischemia, followed by glycogen consumption content. The gluconeogenesis increased in control and ischemia moments, suggesting a relationship between gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism. This result shows the significant contribution of these substrates in the organ energy supply and demonstrates the capacity of the heart to adapt the metabolism after this injury, sustaining the homeostasis during short-term myocardial ischemia.

A possible relationship between gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism in rabbits during myocardial ischemia

ABSTRACT Ischemia is responsible for many metabolic abnormalities in the heart, causing changes in organ function. One of modifications occurring in the ischemic cell is changing from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. This change causes the predominance of the use of carbohydrates as an energy substrate instead of lipids. In this case, the glycogen is essential to the maintenance of heart energy intake, being an important reserve to resist the stress caused by hypoxia, using glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation. In order to study the glucose anaerobic pathways utilization and understand the metabolic adaptations, New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to ischemia caused by Inflow occlusion technique. The animals were monitored during surgery by pH and lactate levels. Transcription analysis of the pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzymes were performed by qRT-PCR, and glycogen quantification was determined enzymatically. Pyruvate kinase transcription increased during ischemia, followed by glycogen consumption content. The gluconeogenesis increased in control and ischemia moments, suggesting a relationship between gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism. This result shows the significant contribution of these substrates in the organ energy supply and demonstrates the capacity of the heart to adapt the metabolism after this injury, sustaining the homeostasis during short-term myocardial ischemia.

A mídia em meio às ‘emergências’ do vírus Zika: questões para o campo da comunicação e saúde / The media among the Zika virus ‘emergencies’: issues for thecommunication and health field / /Los medios de comunicación entre las ‘emergencias’ del virus Zika:preguntas para el campo de la comunicación y salud

Típico caso de um vírus emergente, o Zika havia circulado de forma restrita quando chegou ao Brasil, onde acabaria por se tornar parte de uma emergência em saúde pública e um tema com fortíssima presença nos meios de comunicação em 2015. Este artigo baseia-se em um trabalho realizado no contexto do Observatório Saúde na Mídia, no qual traçamos uma linha do tempo com os principais pontos da escalada de atenção sobre o vírus Zika na mídia brasileira em 2015, incluindo a cobertura midiática e os anúncios oficiais. Confrontamos essa linha do tempo com uma análise de capas de nove jornais impressos publicados nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2015, período em que o Ministério da Saúde admitiu a possível correlação do vírus com o aumento de casos de microcefalia no país. Enfocamos referências a medo e risco e propusemos algumas reflexões sobre a relação entre a comunicação e a saúde...

Typical case of an emerging virus, Zika had circulated in a limited extent when it arrived in Brazil, where wouldbecome part of a public health emergency and a theme with very strong presence in the media in 2015. In thisarticle, based on a work prepared in the context of the Health in the Media Observatory, we draw a timelinethat seeks to outline the main points of attention on the Zika virus in Brazilian media in 2015, including mediacoverage and official announcements. This timeline was confronted with the analysis of covers from nine Braziliannewspapers, published in November and December 2015, when the Brazilian Ministry of Health admited apossible correlation between the Zika virus and the increase in microcephaly cases. We focus on references to fearand risk and propose some reflections on the relationship between communication and health...

Caso típico de un virus emergente, el Zika había circulado de forma limitada cuando llegó a Brasil, donde seconvertiría en parte de una emergencia de salud pública y un tema con presencia muy fuerte en los mediosde comunicación en 2015. En este artículo, basado en trabajo realizado en el marco del Observatorio de laSalud en los Medios de Comunicación, dibujamos una línea de tiempo que busca delinear los principalespuntos de atención sobre el virus Zika en medios brasileños en 2015, incluyendo la cobertura de los mediosde comunicación y los anuncios oficiales. Esta linea de tiempo fue confrontada con el análisis de lasportadas de nueve periódicos impresos en noviembre y diciembre de 2015, período en el cual el Ministeriode Salud de Brasil reconoció la posible correlación del virus con el aumento de los casos de microcefalia enel país. Enfocamos referencias a miedo y riesgoy y planteamos algunas reflexiones sobre la relación entrecomunicación y salud...

42 mil dias / 42, 000 days

Contemporâneo e plural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, embrião da atual Fiocruz, completa 115 anos de contribuições para a ciência e a saúde(AU)

Why do we need alternative tools to control mosquito-borne diseases in Latin America?

In this opinion paper, we discuss the potential and challenges of using the symbiont Wolbachia to block mosquito transmitted diseases such as dengue, malaria and chikungunya in Latin America.

Why do we need alternative tools to control mosquito-borne diseases in Latin America?

In this opinion paper, we discuss the potential and challenges of using the symbiont Wolbachia to block mosquito transmitted diseases such as dengue, malaria and chikungunya in Latin America.

Substâncias químicas podem ser responsáveis por surdez no trabalho

A Fiocruz disponibiliza informações sobre perdas auditivas relacionadas à exposição a substâncias químicas no ambiente de trabalho; diferencia das patologias auditivas causadas por ruídos e alerta para o comprometimento do sistema neurológico ligado aos sentidos.